The Form of Muslim Prayer
The Words Used in Prayer The original writer explains that the exact form of Muslim prayers is not taken entirely […]
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Initiation Rituals and the Kadri Order
The Initiation of New Members Those who wished to join this religious order were required to complete a period of
Atheism Among the Turks
In this chapter, we will describe the various religions and sects among the Turks. It is not our main purpose
Exposure to Disease and Fearlessness
The Turks’ belief in predestination and fate greatly influences how they respond to contagious diseases, including the plague. Because they
Courtesy and Protection
Muslims are commanded to treat Christians with courtesy and respect. They must avoid any oppression, violence, or unfair treatment. Christians
Challenges for Ambassadors in the Ottoman Empire
Serving as an ambassador in the Ottoman Empire required courage, wisdom, and careful judgment. Diplomats had to remain calm and
Buying High Office
This system did not only show the power of the Sultan, but it also increased it. In many cases, men
The Tributaries of Georgia and Mingrelia
Georgia and Mingrelia were also among the lands that became tributaries to the Ottoman Empire. These regions were located between
The Sultan’s Table at the Vizier’s Expense
The Grand Signior often demands twenty dishes of meat, which is the usual amount served at his ordinary table. On
The Silent Language of the Ottoman Court
One of the most unusual features of the Ottoman court was the use of mutes, whose language of signs was