Philosophical Debates and Divine Nature
Moderation among Scholars Some scholars in Islamic history tried to understand God using careful reasoning but without following strict rules […]
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The Royal Mosques of Constantinople
The royal mosques of Constantinople are among the most famous and magnificent religious buildings in the empire. Some of the
Background A Time of Religious Change
In the early period of Islam, which the writer calls “Mahometanism,” the religion was still new and not yet strong.
Ambassadors from Distant Lands
Ambassadors from distant countries, whose main goal was to promote trade and commerce—such as those from England, France, and the
The Wealth and Danger of Egypt
In provinces like Egypt, Pashas could become extremely rich in a short time. Because of this great wealth, it was
Plans to Change the Government
Several times, the Ottoman authorities considered changing the system of government in these three provinces. There were discussions about placing
Envy Rivalry and Court Politics
Emulation and flattery were powerful forces in the Ottoman court. Many rival groups and factions competed for influence, and this
Learning for the Duties of High Office
A great minister, or any high officer of the Empire, was expected to perform his duties with knowledge and judgment.
The Flight into the Garden
Seeing the danger before him, the man fled quickly through the terrace and ran into the royal garden. However, he
A People Shaped by Constant War
A Life Formed by Conflict The entire condition and experience of this people has been shaped by continuous war. From